��ࡱ� > �� � ���� � � � | � �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��� �( � � � � �� / � 0 � �� �D A r i a l a �� 0�� 0 �P� P� |.� ؖ 2� 0ؖ � " �D �[SO a l a �� 0�� 0 �P� P� |.� ؖ 2� 0ؖ �� �D V e r d a n a �� 0�� 0 �P� P� |.� ؖ 2� 0ؖ � " � � @ � . � @ �n ��? " d � d @ ��� �� @@ `` �� � �` � � � 5 , , H H � � > > � � � � 5 � � * * � � � � H H H H > > � � / 1 ` b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �A � � � �A ��1 � � � � � � � � � � ? � @ � � � � � T � �� �E� ʚ;ZS7 ʚ; �g � �4 P d P d �_� � 2� 0 N������� p � p p � @ < �4 d d d d � � 0P� X.� � < �4 ! d ! d � 8� 0P� �� �0 � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 � p� p� �~ � _ _ _ P P T 9 �` �X � T � ��� � U � ��� ? � � % �;� � � �I The history and future of News: The rise and fall of mass communications �, J ( � � � ^ T � � Outline � C 6 � �� B a c k t o t h e c o f f e e h o u s e : T h e i n t e r n e t i s t a k i n g t h e n e w s i n d u s t r y b a c k t o t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n a l c u l t u r e o f t h e e r a b e f o r e m a s s m e d i a . 2 . C o m i n g f u l l c i r c l e : N e w s i s b e c o m i n g a s o c i a l m e d i u m a g a i n , a s i t w a s u n t i l t h e e a r l y 1 9 t h c e n t u r y o n l y m o r e s o . �* � � " t � " � � � � � U � � Outline � C 6 � �� 3 . S o c i a l - m e d i a t e c h n o l o g i e s a l l o w a f a r w i d e r r a n g e o f p e o p l e t o t a k e p a r t i n g a t h e r i n g , f i l t e r i n g a n d d i s t r i b u t i n g n e w s . 4 . T h e p e o p l e f o r m e r l y k n o w n a s t h e a u d i e n c e . 5 . T h e r e i s c l e a r l y a r o l e f o r p e o p l e i n c l u d i n g j o u r n a l i s t s , b u t n o t l i m i t e d t o t h e m t o s e l e c t , f i l t e r a n d a n a l y s e t h e t o r r e n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n b e i n g p o s t e d o n t h e i n t e r n e t . �> Y � " � � �$ < � � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � � � � Three hundred years ago � �0 Three hundred years ago news travelled by word of mouth or letter, and circulated in taverns and coffee houses in the form of pamphlets, newsletters and broadsides. The Coffee houses particularly are very commodious for a free Conversation, and for reading at an easie Rate all manner of printed News. � 1 1 �$ ! � � � � traced back to Roman times � �B This phenomenon can be traced back to Roman times, when members of the elite kept each other informed with a torrent of letters, transcriptions of speeches and copies of the acta diurna, the official gazette that was posted in the forum each day. News travelled along social networks because there was no other conduit. � C C �6 � � � � � � invention of the printing press � �� The invention of the printing press meant that many copies of a document could be produced more quickly than before, but distribution still relied on personal connections. � � � � � � � � �! within particular social circles � �� Newspapers at the time had small, local circulations and were a mix of opinionated editorials, contributions from readers and items from other papers; there were no dedicated reporters. All these early media conveyed news, gossip, opinion and ideas within particular social circles or communities, with little distinction between producers and consumers of information. They were social media. � � Z � � � � � � � travelled as people chatted � �� Until the early 19th century there was no technology for disseminating news to large numbers of people in a short space of time. It travelled as people chatted in marketplaces and taverns or exchanged letters with their friends. � � � � � � � � � Everything changed in 1833 � �� E v e r y t h i n g c h a n g e d i n 1 8 3 3 w h e n t h e f i r s t m a s s - a u d i e n c e n e w s p a p e r , t h e N e w Y o r k S u n , p i o n e e r e d t h e u s e o f a d v e r t i s i n g t o r e d u c e t h e c o s t o f n e w s , t h u s g i v i n g a d v e r t i s e r s a c c e s s t o a w i d e r a u d i e n c e . A t t h e t i m e o f t h e l a u n c h A m e r i c a s b e s t s e l l i n g p a p e r s o l d j u s t 4 , 5 0 0 c o p i e s a d a y ; t h e S u n , w i t h i t s s t e a m p r e s s , s o o n r e a c h e d 1 5 , 0 0 0 . � R R � Q � � � �# news reach large numbers of people � $ " $ � �k The invention of the steam press in the early 19th century, and the emergence of mass-market newspapers such as the New York Sun, therefore marked a profound shift. The new technologies of mass dissemination could reach large numbers of people with unprecedented speed and efficiency, but put control of the flow of information into the hands of a select few. � l Z l � k � � � � New businesses grew up � �< For the first time, vertical distribution of news, from a specialist elite to a general audience, had a decisive advantage over horizontal distribution among citizens. This trend accelerated with the advent of radio and television in the 20th century. New businesses grew up around these mass-media technologies. � = = � < � ! � � � news is gathered by specialists � �� In modern media organisations news is gathered by specialists and disseminated to a mass audience along with advertising, which helps to pay for the whole operation. � � � �$ � � " � � � from two-way into one-way � �� The penny press, followed by radio and television, turned news from a two-way conversation into a one-way broadcast, with a relatively small number of firms controlling the media. � � � # � � �! internet has disrupted this model � �� In the past decade the internet has disrupted this model and enabled the social aspect of media to reassert itself. In many ways news is going back to its pre-industrial form, but supercharged by the internet. � � � � � � $ � � � Social media is nothing new � �� C a m e r a - p h o n e s a n d s o c i a l m e d i a s u c h a s b l o g s , F a c e b o o k a n d T w i t t e r m a y s e e m e n t i r e l y n e w , b u t t h e y e c h o t h e w a y s i n w h i c h p e o p l e u s e d t o c o l l e c t , s h a r e a n d e x c h a n g e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e p a s t . S o c i a l m e d i a i s n o t h i n g n e w , i t s j u s t m o r e w i d e s p r e a d n o w . � � � �$ 1 � � % � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e m e d i a a n d p o l i t i c a l l a n d s c a p e s w i l l b e v e r y d i f f e r e n t , b e c a u s e p e o p l e w h o a r e a c c u s t o m e d t o p o w e r w i l l b e c o m p l e m e n t e d b y s o c i a l n e t w o r k s i n d i f f e r e n t f o r m s . W i k i L e a k s o p e r a t e s i n t h e t r a d i t i o n o f t h e r a d i c a l p a m p h l e t e e r s o f t h e E n g l i s h c i v i l w a r w h o t r i e d t o c a s t a l l t h e M y s t e r i e s a n d S e c r e t s o f G o v e r n m e n t b e f o r e t h e p u b l i c . � R R �& � � � & � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � ' � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � ( � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � ) � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � * � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � + � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � , � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � - � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � . � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � / � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 0 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 1 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 2 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 3 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 4 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 5 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 6 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 7 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 8 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 9 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � : � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � ; � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � < � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � = � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � > � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � ? � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � @ � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � A � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � B � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � C � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � D � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � E � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � F � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � G � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � H � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � � � 0` � ��� ��� ��� 33� �� �� ` � ��� ��� ��S ��f �3 �f ` � ��� ��� ��� ��� 33� �g� ` � ��� ��� ��� ��� f� � ` � ��� www ��� 3�� �PP �� ` � �� ��� ZX ��� db mo� �� � ` � � ��� \ �ғ �3 �y` ��� Ӣ ` � � ��� 3f ��� 3f� � f�� �� ` � ��� 3f� ��� 3� F�K f�� �� ` � hk] ��� www ��� ��� ��� ��f �ܹ ` � ff� ��� >>\ ��� `Y{ ff� ��� ��� ` � R>& ��� - ��� �{p �_/ ̴ ��� �> ��? " d � d @ ��� ��, �| ��? " d � d � @ ��� �� � � � " �@ � �` � � � �n ��? " d � d @ ��� �� @@ `` �� P �R @ ` � ` � p �> � �> H �@ �� �� �( � � �� � � �6 � �� � � � � � � "� � � � `} � � � �L � � US�QdkY���kHrh��7h_ � � � � � �0 � ��� � � � � � "� � � � ` � � � �� � �8 US�QdkY���kHr�e,g7h_ ,{�N�~ ,{ N�~ ,{�V�~ ,{�N�~ � � �� � � �0 � ̗� � � � � � "� � � ^ `� � � � �X � � * � � � �� � � �0 � D�� � � � � � "� � � ^��� � � � �Z � � * � � � �� � � �0 � ��� � � � � � "� � � ^ `� � � � �Z � � * � � � �H � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � ��� ��� ��� 33� �� �� �8 �0 � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 � �. N���V� � ؞������!jg �! � T � 0 � �N0 � 0 � � �( � � �x � c �$ � 4.=� � � � �% � � = � � �H � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � ��� ��� ��� 33� �� �� �� �� � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �i �. NR��o�� + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �� � T � 0 � � � � � �@ �( � � � �x � � c �$ � �`=� � � � ,��� � � = � � �� � � S � � x��� � � �� 9� � � � �" � � � �p`Pp �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �� � T � 0 � � � ( �F �( � � ( �x � ( c �$ � 8��� � � � � ��� � � � � � �� � ( c �$ � Ж�� � � � z� 9� � � � �" � � � �p`Pp �H � ( � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �s � T � 0 � � � � �* �( � � � �x � � c �$ � ��9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �r � � S � � ` �� � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � $� � � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � �1�� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � ,}�� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � 0� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � �%� � � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � �(� � � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � @� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � �7�� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � �:� � � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � P� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � DI� � � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � `� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � Ȣ� � � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � p� �0 �( � � �x � c �$ � ��� � � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � c �$ � ��� � � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� �0 �( � � �x � c �$ � |�� � � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � c �$ � ��� � � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� �0 �( � � �x � c �$ � �N� � � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � c �$ � 0�� � � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� �0 �( � � �x � c �$ � �K� � � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � c �$ � �� � � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� �0 �( � � �x � c �$ � �9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � c �$ � �9� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� �0 �( � � �x � c �$ � �,9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � c �$ � �/9� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� �0 �( � � �x � c �$ � XC9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � c �$ � �F9� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� �0 �( � � �x � c �$ � �W9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � c �$ � $[9� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� �0 �( � � �x � c �$ � Lm9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � c �$ � xp9� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � $ �0 �( � � $ �x � $ c �$ � L�9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � $ c �$ � x�9� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � $ � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � ( �0 �( � � ( �x � ( c �$ � L�9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � ( c �$ � x�9� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � ( � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � , �0 �( � � , �x � , c �$ � L�9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � , c �$ � x�9� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � , � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � 0� 0 �0 �( � � 0 �x � 0 c �$ � ��9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � 0 c �$ � ��9� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � 0 � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � @� 4 �0 �( � � 4 �x � 4 c �$ � ��9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � 4 c �$ � @9� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � 4 � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � P� 8 �0 �( � � 8 �x � 8 c �$ � d�9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � 8 c �$ � t�� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � 8 � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � `� < �0 �( � � < �x � < c �$ � ���� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � < c �$ � ȩ�� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � < � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � p� @ �0 �( � � @ �x � @ c �$ � >� � � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � @ c �$ � ,A� � � � � � ` � � � � � �H � @ � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� D �0 �( � � D �x � D c �$ � (-� � � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � D c �$ � T0� � � � � � ` � � � � � �H � D � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� H �0 �( � � H �x � H c �$ � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � H c �$ � T�� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � H � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� L �0 �( � � L �x � L c �$ � l��� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � L c �$ � ���� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � L � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� P �0 �( � � P �x � P c �$ � ܾ�� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � P c �$ � ��� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � P � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� T �0 �( � � T �x � T c �$ � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � T c �$ � 8�� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � T � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� X �0 �( � � X �x � X c �$ � +�� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � X c �$ � 4.�� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � X � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� \ �0 �( � � \ �x � \ c �$ � T/�� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � \ c �$ � ���� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � \ � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� ` �0 �( � � ` �x � ` c �$ � ���� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � ` c �$ � (��� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � ` � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � d �0 �( � � d �x � d c �$ � ���� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � d c �$ � ���� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � d � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � h �0 �( � � h �x � h c �$ � ���� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � h c �$ � ���� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � h � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � l �0 �( � � l �x � l c �$ � T��� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � l c �$ � x�� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � l � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � 0� p �0 �( � � p �x � p c �$ � �=�� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � p c �$ � ���� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � p � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � @� t �0 �( � � t �x � t c �$ � ��� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � t c �$ � ��� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � t � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � P� x �0 �( � � x �x � x c �$ � ��� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � x c �$ � D��� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � x � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � `� | �0 �( � � | �x � | c �$ � �ŋ� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � | c �$ � @i�� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � | � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � p� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � tԋ� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � �� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � 0�� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � \��� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � ��9� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � �Ŏ� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � Ɏ� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � �<9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � � c �$ � 8Վ� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � 8��� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � |�=� � � � � � �� � � = � � �x � � c �$ � ��=� � � � � ` � � = � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + r� �� ^ ӳ � �� � d� �� v� �� x� �� z� �� |� �� ~� �� �� � �� � �� � �� � �� � �� � �� � �� � �� � � � � � � � � " �$ !' �) #, �. %1 � � � �3 H �1 �l� �( � � � � �� / � 0 � �� �D A r i a l a �� 0ԃ 0 �l� l� |.� � 2� 0� � " �D �[SO a l a �� 0ԃ 0 �l� l� |.� � 2� 0� �� �D V e r d a n a �� 0ԃ 0 �l� l� |.� � 2� 0� � �� �����Oh�� +'��0 T h p � � � � � � � � CBS��60���ӡ�����ȱ��� gy ���û� 400 Microsoft Office PowerPoint @ ���\� @ ���NR�@ �> �� � G 4 ���� �g � � � & �WMFC � � l ��������� x � � EMF � L V @ � � 8� F ( GDIC ���� � x ! b $ $ �= �= % �% �V 0 ��������� x ������x� x� ������% �% �$ $ �A �A " ����F GDIC F ( GDIC l . w F GDIC F ( GDIC 6 l j w F GDIC F ( GDIC � B F GDIC R p ���� � @ "V e r d a n a � \�� � ��� �[SO axx 4O� p� ؞ � ���� � � �[SO � �� 0 � |��콙 �� ��O0 p� "-�0��� �0؞ �� 콙 `Ù �Ù ��� ��� �� =+�0 \�콙 �� �*�0 <�� ��� dv % ���T � � �h�AUu�A L ��������x T h e h i s t o r y a n d f u t u r e T � � �h�AUu�A L ��������x T h e h i s t o r y a n d f u t u r e % �( R p ���� � @ "V e r d a n a 6 \�� � ��� �[SO axx 4O� p� ؞ � ���� � � �[SO � �� 0 � D��콙 �� ��O0 p� "-�0��� �0؞ �� 콙 `Ù �Ù ��� ��� �� =+�0 \�콙 �� �*�0 <�� ��� dv % ���T | ; k ( �h�AUu�A; ' L ��������\ o f N e w s : T | : j ' �h�AUu�A: & L ��������\ o f N e w s : % �( R p ���� � @ "A r i a l u \�� ��� 콙 �Ù 콙 q � ���0 �� ԙ ��� �� l 콙 �Ù �Ù �� D� ���0 ԙ �� �0؞ �� �� �� ��� �Ù ̙ �0� ԙ �� �� <�� 0�� dv % ���T � ) � 4 �h�AUu�A 3 L ��������� T h e r i s e a n d f a l l o f m a s s T � ( � 3 �h�AUu�A 2 L ��������� T h e r i s e a n d f a l l o f m a s s % �( R p ���� � @ "A r i a l U \�� � ��� �[SO axx 4O� p� ؞ � ���� � � �[SO � �� 0 � `��콙 �� ��O0 p� "-�0��� �0؞ �� 콙 `Ù ę ��� ��� �� =+�0 \�콙 �� �*�0 <�� 贙 dv % ���T � , 4 y ? �h�AUu�A, > L ��������h c o m m u n i c a t i o n s T � + 3 x > �h�AUu�A+ = L ��������h c o m m u n i c a t i o n s % �( x � � ��� - � ��� - $ ������x � x � ������ � - - '�� ��� � @ "Verdana ? ?? - . ���( 2 The history and future . . ( 2 The history and future . � � �"System - � ��� � @ "Verdana 6 ?? - . ��� 2 ' ; of News: . . 2 & : of News: . - � ��� � @ "Arial u ?? - . ���. 2 3 The rise and fall of mass . . . 2 2 The rise and fall of mass . - � ��� � @ "Arial U ?? - . ��� 2 > , communications . . 2 = + communications . - � X �P � � � � ; , , H H � � > > � � � � 5 � � * * � � � � H H H H > > � � / 1 ` b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �A � � � �A ��1 � � � � � � � � � � ? � @ � � � � � T � �� �E� ʚ;ZS7 ʚ; �g � �4 P d P d �_� � 2� 0 N������� p � p p � @ < �4 d d d d 8� � 0l� X.� � < �4 ! d ! d 8� 8� 0l� �� �0 � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 � p� p� �~ � _ _ _ P P T 9 �` �X � T � ��� � U � ��� ? � � % �� � � �I The history and future of News: The rise and fall of mass communications �, J ( � � � ^ T � � Outline � C 6 � �� B a c k t o t h e c o f f e e h o u s e : T h e i n t e r n e t i s t a k i n g t h e n e w s i n d u s t r y b a c k t o t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n a l c u l t u r e o f t h e e r a b e f o r e m a s s m e d i a . 2 . C o m i n g f u l l c i r c l e : N e w s i s b e c o m i n g a s o c i a l m e d i u m a g a i n , a s i t w a s u n t i l t h e e a r l y 1 9 t h c e n t u r y o n l y m o r e s o . �* � � " t � " � � � � � U � � Outline � C 6 � �� 3 . S o c i a l - m e d i a t e c h n o l o g i e s a l l o w a f a r w i d e r r a n g e o f p e o p l e t o t a k e p a r t i n g a t h e r i n g , f i l t e r i n g a n d d i s t r i b u t i n g n e w s . 4 . T h e p e o p l e f o r m e r l y k n o w n a s t h e a u d i e n c e . 5 . T h e r e i s c l e a r l y a r o l e f o r p e o p l e i n c l u d i n g j o u r n a l i s t s , b u t n o t l i m i t e d t o t h e m t o s e l e c t , f i l t e r a n d a n a l y s e t h e t o r r e n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n b e i n g p o s t e d o n t h e i n t e r n e t . �> Y � " � � �$ < � � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � � � � Three hundred years ago � �0 Three hundred years ago news travelled by word of mouth or letter, and circulated in taverns and coffee houses in the form of pamphlets, newsletters and broadsides. The Coffee houses particularly are very commodious for a free Conversation, and for reading at an easie Rate all manner of printed News. � 1 1 �$ ! � � � � traced back to Roman times � �B This phenomenon can be traced back to Roman times, when members of the elite kept each other informed with a torrent of letters, transcriptions of speeches and copies of the acta diurna, the official gazette that was posted in the forum each day. News travelled along social networks because there was no other conduit. � C C �6 � � � � � � invention of the printing press � �� The invention of the printing press meant that many copies of a document could be produced more quickly than before, but distribution still relied on personal connections. � � � � � ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ����� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ��������� ����� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ����� � � R o o t E n t r y �������� ��d�O��� � �)� �> �� � C u r r e n t U s e r ������������ % 8 S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n ( �������� � � P o w e r P o i n t D o c u m e n t ( ���� :� D o c u m e n t S u m m a r y I n f o r m a t i o n 8 ������������ ������������ ������������ ������������ " � � @ � . � @ �n ��? " d � d @ ��� �� @@ `` �� � �` � � � 5 , , H H � � > > � � � � 5 � � * * � � � � H H H H > > � � / 1 ` b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �A � � � �A ��1 � � � � � � � � � � ? � @ � � � � � T � �� �E� ʚ;ZS7 ʚ; �g � �4 P d P d �_� � 2� 0 N������� p � p p � @ < �4 d d d d 8� � 0l� X.� � < �4 ! d ! d 8� 8� 0l� �� �0 � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 � p� p� �~ � _ _ _ P P T 9 �` �X � T � ��� � U � ��� ? � � % �� � � �I The history and future of News: The rise and fall of mass communications �, J ( � � � ^ T � � Outline � C 6 � �� B a c k t o t h e c o f f e e h o u s e : T h e i n t e r n e t i s t a k i n g t h e n e w s i n d u s t r y b a c k t o t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n a l c u l t u r e o f t h e e r a b e f o r e m a s s m e d i a . 2 . C o m i n g f u l l c i r c l e : N e w s i s b e c o m i n g a s o c i a l m e d i u m a g a i n , a s i t w a s u n t i l t h e e a r l y 1 9 t h c e n t u r y o n l y m o r e s o . �* � � " t � " � � � � � U � � Outline � C 6 � �� 3 . S o c i a l - m e d i a t e c h n o l o g i e s a l l o w a f a r w i d e r r a n g e o f p e o p l e t o t a k e p a r t i n g a t h e r i n g , f i l t e r i n g a n d d i s t r i b u t i n g n e w s . 4 . T h e p e o p l e f o r m e r l y k n o w n a s t h e a u d i e n c e . 5 . T h e r e i s c l e a r l y a r o l e f o r p e o p l e i n c l u d i n g j o u r n a l i s t s , b u t n o t l i m i t e d t o t h e m t o s e l e c t , f i l t e r a n d a n a l y s e t h e t o r r e n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n b e i n g p o s t e d o n t h e i n t e r n e t . �> Y � " � � �$ < � � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � � � � Three hundred years ago � �0 Three hundred years ago news travelled by word of mouth or letter, and circulated in taverns and coffee houses in the form of pamphlets, newsletters and broadsides. The Coffee houses particularly are very commodious for a free Conversation, and for reading at an easie Rate all manner of printed News. � 1 1 �$ ! � � � � traced back to Roman times � �B This phenomenon can be traced back to Roman times, when members of the elite kept each other informed with a torrent of letters, transcriptions of speeches and copies of the acta diurna, the official gazette that was posted in the forum each day. News travelled along social networks because there was no other conduit. � C C �6 � � � � � � invention of the printing press � �� The invention of the printing press meant that many copies of a document could be produced more quickly than before, but distribution still relied on personal connections. � � � � � � � � �! within particular social circles � �� Newspapers at the time had small, local circulations and were a mix of opinionated editorials, contributions from readers and items from other papers; there were no dedicated reporters. All these early media conveyed news, gossip, opinion and ideas within particular social circles or communities, with little distinction between producers and consumers of information. They were social media. � � Z � � � � � � � travelled as people chatted � �� Until the early 19th century there was no technology for disseminating news to large numbers of people in a short space of time. It travelled as people chatted in marketplaces and taverns or exchanged letters with their friends. � � � � � � � � � Everything changed in 1833 � �� E v e r y t h i n g c h a n g e d i n 1 8 3 3 w h e n t h e f i r s t m a s s - a u d i e n c e n e w s p a p e r , t h e N e w Y o r k S u n , p i o n e e r e d t h e u s e o f a d v e r t i s i n g t o r e d u c e t h e c o s t o f n e w s , t h u s g i v i n g a d v e r t i s e r s a c c e s s t o a w i d e r a u d i e n c e . A t t h e t i m e o f t h e l a u n c h A m e r i c a s b e s t s e l l i n g p a p e r s o l d j u s t 4 , 5 0 0 c o p i e s a d a y ; t h e S u n , w i t h i t s s t e a m p r e s s , s o o n r e a c h e d 1 5 , 0 0 0 . � R R � Q � � � �# news reach large numbers of people � $ " $ � �k The invention of the steam press in the early 19th century, and the emergence of mass-market newspapers such as the New York Sun, therefore marked a profound shift. The new technologies of mass dissemination could reach large numbers of people with unprecedented speed and efficiency, but put control of the flow of information into the hands of a select few. � l Z l � k � � � � New businesses grew up � �< For the first time, vertical distribution of news, from a specialist elite to a general audience, had a decisive advantage over horizontal distribution among citizens. This trend accelerated with the advent of radio and television in the 20th century. New businesses grew up around these mass-media technologies. � = = � < � ! � � � news is gathered by specialists � �� In modern media organisations news is gathered by specialists and disseminated to a mass audience along with advertising, which helps to pay for the whole operation. � � � �$ � � " � � � from two-way into one-way � �� The penny press, followed by radio and television, turned news from a two-way conversation into a one-way broadcast, with a relatively small number of firms controlling the media. � � � # � � �! internet has disrupted this model � �� In the past decade the internet has disrupted this model and enabled the social aspect of media to reassert itself. In many ways news is going back to its pre-industrial form, but supercharged by the internet. � � � � � � $ � � � Social media is nothing new � �� C a m e r a - p h o n e s a n d s o c i a l m e d i a s u c h a s b l o g s , F a c e b o o k a n d T w i t t e r m a y s e e m e n t i r e l y n e w , b u t t h e y e c h o t h e w a y s i n w h i c h p e o p l e u s e d t o c o l l e c t , s h a r e a n d e x c h a n g e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e p a s t . S o c i a l m e d i a i s n o t h i n g n e w , i t s j u s t m o r e w i d e s p r e a d n o w . � � � �$ 1 � � % � � �! landscapes will be very different � �� T h e m e d i a a n d p o l i t i c a l l a n d s c a p e s w i l l b e v e r y d i f f e r e n t , b e c a u s e p e o p l e w h o a r e a c c u s t o m e d t o p o w e r w i l l b e c o m p l e m e n t e d b y s o c i a l n e t w o r k s i n d i f f e r e n t f o r m s . W i k i L e a k s o p e r a t e s i n t h e t r a d i t i o n o f t h e r a d i c a l p a m p h l e t e e r s o f t h e E n g l i s h c i v i l w a r w h o t r i e d t o c a s t a l l t h e M y s t e r i e s a n d S e c r e t s o f G o v e r n m e n t b e f o r e t h e p u b l i c . � R R �$ � � � & � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � ' � � � returning to the coffee house � � Now, the news industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house. The internet is making news more participatory, social, diverse and partisan, reviving the discursive ethos of the era before mass media. That will have profound effects on society and politics. � � � ( � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � ) � � � Going West � �* In much of the world, the mass media are flourishing. Newspaper circulation rose globally by 6% between 2005 and 2009, helped by particularly strong demand in places like India, where 110m papers are now sold daily. But those global figures mask a sharp decline in readership in rich countries. � + + � * � * � � �! ordinary people involved in news � �! Over the past decade, throughout the Western world, people have been giving up newspapers and TV news and keeping up with events in profoundly different ways. Most strikingly, ordinary people are increasingly involved in compiling, sharing, filtering, discussing and distributing news. � " " � ! � + � � � documents are published online � �^ Twitter lets people anywhere report what they are seeing. Classified documents are published in their thousands online. Mobile-phone footage of Arab uprisings and American tornadoes is posted on social-networking sites and shown on television newscasts. An amateur video taken during the Japanese earthquake has been watched 15m times on YouTube. � _ _ � ^ � , � � �n C r o w d s o u r c i n g b r i n g r e a d e r s a n d j o u r n a l i s t s t o g e t h e r � * � �z C r o w d s o u r c i n g p r o j e c t s b r i n g r e a d e r s a n d j o u r n a l i s t s t o g e t h e r t o s i f t t h r o u g h t r o v e s o f d o c u m e n t s . S o c i a l - n e t w o r k i n g s i t e s h e l p p e o p l e f i n d , d i s c u s s a n d s h a r e n e w s w i t h t h e i r f r i e n d s . � � � �$ � � - � � �& Technology challenging the media elite � ' ' $ � �� A n d i t i s n o t j u s t r e a d e r s w h o a r e c h a l l e n g i n g t h e m e d i a e l i t e . T e c h n o l o g y f i r m s i n c l u d i n g G o o g l e , F a c e b o o k a n d T w i t t e r h a v e b e c o m e i m p o r t a n t ( s o m e s a y t o o i m p o r t a n t ) c o n d u i t s o f n e w s . C e l e b r i t i e s a n d w o r l d l e a d e r s , i n c l u d i n g B a r a c k O b a m a , p u b l i s h u p d a t e s d i r e c t l y v i a s o c i a l n e t w o r k s ; m a n y c o u n t r i e s n o w m a k e r a w d a t a a v a i l a b l e t h r o u g h o p e n g o v e r n m e n t i n i t i a t i v e s . � t Z t �$ f � . � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � / � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 0 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 1 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 2 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 3 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 4 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 5 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 6 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 7 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 8 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 9 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � : � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � ; � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � < � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � = � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � > � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � ? � � � ���� ���� ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ? @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { } ����~ � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � @ � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � A � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � B � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � C � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � D � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � E � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � F � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � G � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � H � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � �y � T � 0 � � �� �0 �( � � �x � c �$ � �,9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � c �$ � �/9� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� �0 �( � � �x � c �$ � �W9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � c �$ � $[9� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � $ �0 �( � � $ �x � $ c �$ � L�9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � $ c �$ � x�9� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � $ � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � ( �0 �( � � ( �x � ( c �$ � L�9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � ( c �$ � x�9� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � ( � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � , �0 �( � � , �x � , c �$ � L�9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � , c �$ � x�9� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � , � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � 0� 0 �0 �( � � 0 �x � 0 c �$ � ��9� � � � � � �] � � 9 � � �x � 0 c �$ � ��9� � � � @� � � 9 � � �H � 0 � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � @� 4 �0 �( � � 4 �x � 4 c �$ � ��9� � � � � q �� � � 9 � � �x � 4 c �$ � @9� � � � z� 9� � � 9 � � �H � 4 � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ���� =� @B� + r0 �4 % 6� ' �� )P 8� �� :� �� <� � � � �4 �� H �1 ��� �( � � � � �� / � 0 � �� �D A r i a l a �� 0ԃ 0 �l� l� |.� � 2� 0� � " �D �[SO a l a �� 0ԃ 0 �l� l� |.� � 2� 0� �� �D V e r d a n a �� 0ԃ 0 �l� l� |.� � 2� 0� � " � � @ � . � @ �n ��? " d � d @ ��� �� @@ `` �� ! " # $ ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� ��՜.�� +,��0 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ����Ļ����ʾ hbu :� o 7 ' ; Arial ���� Verdana Ĭ�����ģ�� J The history and future of News: The rise and fall of mass communications Outline Outline " news being reshaped by technology Three hundred years ago traced back to Roman times invention of the printing press " within particular social circles travelled as people chatted Everything changed in 1833 $ news reach large numbers of people New businesses grew up ! news is gathered by specialists from two-way into one-way " internet has disrupted this model Social media is nothing new " landscapes will be very different " news being reshaped by technology returning to the coffee house " news being reshaped by technology Going West " ordinary people involved in news documents are published online : ��Crowdsourcing�� bring readers and journalists together ' Technology challenging the media elite allow new providers of news " news being reshaped by technology # no longer exclusively by reporters News is becoming more diverse We contort, you deride " news being reshaped by technology The first worry Not always morally upstanding ( the internet is spawning accountability " news being reshaped by technology The second worry money seems creating sth What is to be done be scrupulous " news being reshaped by technology Enjoy coffee house a lot of trouble adjusting " news being reshaped by technology Some survive; many will not It��s everywhere accept this new reality The digital future of news Checking Twitter is difficult % duty to provide reliable information a role, to select 8 examples that lets users arrange items of social media " better than traditional articles? done away with editors sharing news may be the next The feeling is mutual ���õ����� ��ʾ�ĸ����ģ�� �õ�Ƭ���� 7 eing reshaped by technology ���� � _���� � z���û� �_o�(u7b �õ�Ƭ�� � _����� � z���û� �_o�(u7b �� : � � � �! within particular social circles � �� Newspapers at the time had small, local circulations and were a mix of opinionated editorials, contributions from readers and items from other papers; there were no dedicated reporters. All these early media conveyed news, gossip, opinion and ideas within particular social circles or communities, with little distinction between producers and consumers of information. They were social media. � � Z � � � � � � � travelled as people chatted � �� Until the early 19th century there was no technology for disseminating news to large numbers of people in a short space of time. It travelled as people chatted in marketplaces and taverns or exchanged letters with their friends. � � � � � � � � � Everything changed in 1833 � �� E v e r y t h i n g c h a n g e d i n 1 8 3 3 w h e n t h e f i r s t m a s s - a u d i e n c e n e w s p a p e r , t h e N e w Y o r k S u n , p i o n e e r e d t h e u s e o f a d v e r t i s i n g t o r e d u c e t h e c o s t o f n e w s , t h u s g i v i n g a d v e r t i s e r s a c c e s s t o a w i d e r a u d i e n c e . A t t h e t i m e o f t h e l a u n c h A m e r i c a s b e s t s e l l i n g p a p e r s o l d j u s t 4 , 5 0 0 c o p i e s a d a y ; t h e S u n , w i t h i t s s t e a m p r e s s , s o o n r e a c h e d 1 5 , 0 0 0 . � R R � Q � � � �# news reach large numbers of people � $ " $ � �k The invention of the steam press in the early 19th century, and the emergence of mass-market newspapers such as the New York Sun, therefore marked a profound shift. The new technologies of mass dissemination could reach large numbers of people with unprecedented speed and efficiency, but put control of the flow of information into the hands of a select few. � l Z l � k � � � � New businesses grew up � �< For the first time, vertical distribution of news, from a specialist elite to a general audience, had a decisive advantage over horizontal distribution among citizens. This trend accelerated with the advent of radio and television in the 20th century. New businesses grew up around these mass-media technologies. � = = � < � ! � � � news is gathered by specialists � �� In modern media organisations news is gathered by specialists and disseminated to a mass audience along with advertising, which helps to pay for the whole operation. � � � �$ � � " � � � from two-way into one-way � �� The penny press, followed by radio and television, turned news from a two-way conversation into a one-way broadcast, with a relatively small number of firms controlling the media. � � � # � � �! internet has disrupted this model � �� In the past decade the internet has disrupted this model and enabled the social aspect of media to reassert itself. In many ways news is going back to its pre-industrial form, but supercharged by the internet. � � � � � � $ � � � Social media is nothing new � �� C a m e r a - p h o n e s a n d s o c i a l m e d i a s u c h a s b l o g s , F a c e b o o k a n d T w i t t e r m a y s e e m e n t i r e l y n e w , b u t t h e y e c h o t h e w a y s i n w h i c h p e o p l e u s e d t o c o l l e c t , s h a r e a n d e x c h a n g e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e p a s t . S o c i a l m e d i a i s n o t h i n g n e w , i t s j u s t m o r e w i d e s p r e a d n o w . � � � �$ 1 � � % � � �! landscapes will be very different � �� T h e m e d i a a n d p o l i t i c a l l a n d s c a p e s w i l l b e v e r y d i f f e r e n t , b e c a u s e p e o p l e w h o a r e a c c u s t o m e d t o p o w e r w i l l b e c o m p l e m e n t e d b y s o c i a l n e t w o r k s i n d i f f e r e n t f o r m s . W i k i L e a k s o p e r a t e s i n t h e t r a d i t i o n o f t h e r a d i c a l p a m p h l e t e e r s o f t h e E n g l i s h c i v i l w a r w h o t r i e d t o c a s t a l l t h e M y s t e r i e s a n d S e c r e t s o f G o v e r n m e n t b e f o r e t h e p u b l i c . � R R �$ � � � & � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � ' � � � returning to the coffee house � � Now, the news industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house. The internet is making news more participatory, social, diverse and partisan, reviving the discursive ethos of the era before mass media. That will have profound effects on society and politics. � � � ( � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � ) � � � Going West � �* In much of the world, the mass media are flourishing. Newspaper circulation rose globally by 6% between 2005 and 2009, helped by particularly strong demand in places like India, where 110m papers are now sold daily. But those global figures mask a sharp decline in readership in rich countries. � + + � * � * � � �! ordinary people involved in news � �! Over the past decade, throughout the Western world, people have been giving up newspapers and TV news and keeping up with events in profoundly different ways. Most strikingly, ordinary people are increasingly involved in compiling, sharing, filtering, discussing and distributing news. � " " � ! � + � � � documents are published online � �^ Twitter lets people anywhere report what they are seeing. Classified documents are published in their thousands online. Mobile-phone footage of Arab uprisings and American tornadoes is posted on social-networking sites and shown on television newscasts. An amateur video taken during the Japanese earthquake has been watched 15m times on YouTube. � _ _ � ^ � , � � �n C r o w d s o u r c i n g b r i n g r e a d e r s a n d j o u r n a l i s t s t o g e t h e r � * � �z C r o w d s o u r c i n g p r o j e c t s b r i n g r e a d e r s a n d j o u r n a l i s t s t o g e t h e r t o s i f t t h r o u g h t r o v e s o f d o c u m e n t s . S o c i a l - n e t w o r k i n g s i t e s h e l p p e o p l e f i n d , d i s c u s s a n d s h a r e n e w s w i t h t h e i r f r i e n d s . � � � �$ � � - � � �& Technology challenging the media elite � ' ' $ � �� A n d i t i s n o t j u s t r e a d e r s w h o a r e c h a l l e n g i n g t h e m e d i a e l i t e . T e c h n o l o g y f i r m s i n c l u d i n g G o o g l e , F a c e b o o k a n d T w i t t e r h a v e b e c o m e i m p o r t a n t ( s o m e s a y t o o i m p o r t a n t ) c o n d u i t s o f n e w s . C e l e b r i t i e s a n d w o r l d l e a d e r s , i n c l u d i n g B a r a c k O b a m a , p u b l i s h u p d a t e s d i r e c t l y v i a s o c i a l n e t w o r k s ; m a n y c o u n t r i e s n o w m a k e r a w d a t a a v a i l a b l e t h r o u g h o p e n g o v e r n m e n t i n i t i a t i v e s . � t Z t �$ f � . � � � allow new providers of news � �p The web has allowed new providers of news, to rise to prominence in a very short space of time. And it has made possible entirely new approaches to journalism, such as that practised by WikiLeaks, which provides an anonymous way for whistleblowers to publish documents. The news agenda is no longer controlled by a few press barons and state outlets, like the BBC. � q Z q �6 � � � / � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 0 � � �" no longer exclusively by reporters � # # $ � �+ Thanks to the rise of social media, news is no longer gathered exclusively by reporters and turned into a story but emerges from an ecosystem in which journalists, sources, readers and viewers exchange information. The change began around 1999, when blogging tools first became widely available. � , , � + � 1 � � � News is becoming more diverse � $ � �� News is also becoming more diverse as publishing tools become widely available, barriers to entry fall and new models become possible, as demonstrated by the astonishing rise of WikiLeaks and other newcomers in the past few years, not to mention millions of blogs. At the same time news is becoming more opinionated, polarised and partisan, as it used to be in the knockabout days of pamphleteering. � � Z � �6 � � J � 2 � � � We contort, you deride � �Q In principle, every liberal should celebrate this. A more participatory and social news environment, with a remarkable diversity and range of news sources, is a good thing. Authoritarian rulers everywhere have more to fear. So what, many will say, if journalists have less stable careers All the same, two areas of concern stand out. � R R � Q � 3 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 4 � � � The first worry � �� T h e f i r s t w o r r y i s t h e l o s s o f a c c o u n t a b i l i t y j o u r n a l i s m , w h i c h h o l d s t h e p o w e r f u l t o a c c o u n t . S h r i n k i n g r e v e n u e s h a v e r e d u c e d t h e a m o u n t a n d q u a l i t y o f i n v e s t i g a t i v e a n d l o c a l p o l i t i c a l r e p o r t i n g i n t h e p r i n t p r e s s . � � � � � � 5 � � � Not always morally upstanding � $ � �� B u t o l d - s t y l e j o u r n a l i s m w a s n e v e r q u i t e a s m o r a l l y u p s t a n d i n g a s j o u r n a l i s t s l i k e t o t h i n k . I n d e e d , t h e N e w s o f t h e W o r l d , a B r i t i s h n e w s p a p e r w h i c h h a s b e e n c a u g h t h a c k i n g i n t o p e o p l e s m o b i l e p h o n e s , i s a v e r y t r a d i t i o n a l s o r t o f s c a n d a l s h e e t . � � � � � � 6 � � �' the internet is spawning accountability � ( ( $ � �S Meantime, the internet is spawning new forms of accountability. A growing band of non-profit outfits such as ProPublica, the Sunlight Foundation and WikiLeaks are helping to fill the gap left by the decline of watchdog media. This is still a work in progress, but the degree of activity and experimentation provides cause for optimism. � T T �6 p � � 7 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 9 � � � The second worry � �� The second concern has to do with partisanship. In the mass-media era local monopolies often had to be relatively impartial to maximise their appeal to readers and advertisers. � � � �$ � * � : � � � money seems creating sth � $ � � �� I n a m o r e c o m p e t i t i v e w o r l d t h e m o n e y s e e m s t o b e i n c r e a t i n g a n e c h o c h a m b e r f o r p e o p l e s p r e j u d i c e s t h u s F o x N e w s , a c o n s e r v a t i v e A m e r i c a n c a b l e - n e w s c h a n n e l , m a k e s m o r e p r o f i t s t h a n i t s l e s s s t r i d e n t r i v a l s , C N N a n d M S N B C , c o m b i n e d . � � � � � � ; � � � What is to be done � �� What is to be done At a societal level, not much. The transformation of the news business is unstoppable, and attempts to reverse it are doomed to failure. But there are steps individuals can take to mitigate these worries. � � � � � � < � � � be scrupulous � �� As producers of new journalism, they can be scrupulous with facts and transparent with their sources. As consumers, they can be catholic in their tastes and demanding in their standards. � � � � � � = � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � > � � � Enjoy coffee house � �� And although this transformation does raise concerns, there is much to celebrate in the noisy, diverse, vociferous, argumentative and stridently alive environment of the news business in the age of the internet. The coffee house is back. Enjoy it. � � � � � � ? � � � a lot of trouble adjusting � �� Not surprisingly, the conventional news organisations that grew up in the past 170 years are having a lot of trouble adjusting. The mass-media era now looks like a relatively brief and anomalous period that is coming to an end. But it was long enough for several generations of journalists to grow up within it, so the laws of the mass media came to be seen as the laws of media in general. � � Z � �$ + Q � @ � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � A � � � Some survive; many will not � $ � �� A new generation that has grown up with digital tools is already devising extraordinary new things to do with them, rather than simply using them to preserve the old models. Some existing media organisations will survive the transition; many will not. � �$ � - � B � � �" I t s e v e r y w h e r e � � T h e b i g g e s t s h i f t i s t h a t j o u r n a l i s m i s n o l o n g e r t h e e x c l u s i v e p r e s e r v e o f j o u r n a l i s t s . O r d i n a r y p e o p l e a r e p l a y i n g a m o r e a c t i v e r o l e i n t h e n e w s s y s t e m , a l o n g w i t h a h o s t o f t e c h n o l o g y f i r m s , n e w s s t a r t - u p s a n d n o t - f o r - p r o f i t g r o u p s . S o c i a l m e d i a a r e c e r t a i n l y n o t a f a d , a n d t h e i r i m p a c t i s o n l y j u s t b e g i n n i n g t o b e f e l t . I t s e v e r y w h e r e a n d i t s g o i n g t o b e e v e n m o r e e v e r y w h e r e . � � � � � � C � � � accept this new reality � �E Successful media organisations will be the ones that accept this new reality. They need to reorient themselves towards serving readers rather than advertisers, embrace social features and collaboration, get off political and moral high horses and stop trying to erect barriers around journalism to protect their position. � F F �$ $ � D � � � The digital future of news � �U The digital future of news has much in common with its chaotic, ink-stained past. � V V � U � E � � � Checking Twitter is difficult � ( � �� C h e c k i n g s n i p p e t s o f i n f o r m a t i o n p o s t e d o n T w i t t e r i s d i f f i c u l t . T w e e t s c a n b e a u s e f u l w a y t o g a u g e t h e p u b l i c m o o d a b o u t a n i s s u e a n d a r e n o w o f t e n i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o n e w s c o v e r a g e a s d i g i t a l v o x p o p s . � � � F � � �$ duty to provide reliable information � % % $ � �� M a n y j o u r n a l i s t s u s e T w i t t e r t o s o l i c i t l e a d s , f i n d s o u r c e s o r a s k f o r i n f o r m a t i o n . B u t T w i t t e r i s a p u b l i c f o r u m w h e r e a n y o n e c a n s a y a n y t h i n g . i t i s a j o u r n a l i s t s d u t y t o p r o v i d e r e l i a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n , o n T w i t t e r a s e l s e w h e r e . � � � � � � G � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � H � � � done away with editors � �� By providing more raw material than ever from which to distil the news, social media have both done away with editors and shown up the need for them. � � � � � � I � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � J � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � K � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � L � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � M � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � N � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � O � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � �y � T � 0 � � P� 8 �0 �( � � 8 �x � 8 c �$ � d�9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � 8 c �$ � t�� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � 8 � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � p� @ �0 �( � � @ �x � @ c �$ � >� � � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � @ c �$ � ,A� � � � � � ` � � � � � �H � @ � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� D �0 �( � � D �x � D c �$ � (-� � � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � D c �$ � T0� � � � � z� 9� � � � � � �H � D � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� H �0 �( � � H �x � H c �$ � � � � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � H c �$ � T�� � � � �'g� � � � � � �H � H � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� P �0 �( � � P �x � P c �$ � ܾ�� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � P c �$ � ��� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � P � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� T �0 �( � � T �x � T c �$ � �� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � T c �$ � 8�� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � T � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� X �0 �( � � X �x � X c �$ � +�� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � X c �$ � 4.�� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � X � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � d �0 �( � � d �x � d c �$ � ���� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � d c �$ � ���� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � d � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � h �0 �( � � h �x � h c �$ � ���� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � h c �$ � ���� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � h � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � l �0 �( � � l �x � l c �$ � T��� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � l c �$ � x�� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � l � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � 0� p �0 �( � � p �x � p c �$ � �=�� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � p c �$ � ���� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � p � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � P� x �0 �( � � x �x � x c �$ � ��� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � x c �$ � D��� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � x � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � `� | �0 �( � � | �x � | c �$ � �ŋ� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � | c �$ � @i�� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � | � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � 0�� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � \��� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � ��9� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � �Ŏ� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � Ɏ� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � �<9� � � � � � �� � � 9 � � �x � � c �$ � 8Վ� � � � � ` � � 9 � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � �� � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � |�=� � � � � � �� � � = � � �x � � c �$ � ��=� � � � � ` � � = � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � ,�� � � � � � �� � � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � ` � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � 0 � � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � T�� � � � � � �� � � � � �x � � c �$ � \J� � � � � ` � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � @ � � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � ���� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � ��J� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � P � � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � �uJ� � � � � � �� � � J � � �x � � c �$ � ��J� � � � � ` � � J � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � ` � � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � =J� � � � � � �� � � J � � �x � � c �$ � �?J� � � � � ` � � J � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � p � � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � �� � � � � � �� � � � � �x � � c �$ � @�J� � � � � ` � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � � � � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � �J� � � � � � �� � � J � � �x � � c �$ � ��J� � � � � ` � � J � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + r� � . �� 00 $� �� &� 40 �� (� �� 9@ *� �� ,� �� > .� �� A` 0� �� 2� �� 4� �� H� 6� �� 8� �� :� �� <� �� � � � �� >� O �1 �� �( � � � � �� / � 0 � �� �D A r i a l a �� 0�� 0 �P� P� |.� ؖ 2� 0ؖ � " �D �[SO a l a �� 0�� 0 �P� P� |.� ؖ 2� 0ؖ �� �D V e r d a � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ����� � n a �� 0�� 0 �P� P� |.� ؖ 2� 0ؖ � " � � @ � . � @ �n ��? " d � d @ ��� �� @@ `` �� X �P � � � � 8 , , H H � � > > � � � � 5 � � * * � � � � H H H H > > � � / 1 ` b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �A � � � �A ��1 � � � � � � � � � � ? � @ � � � � � T � �� �E� ʚ;ZS7 ʚ; �g � �4 P d P d �_� � 2� 0 N������� p � p p � @ < �4 d d d d � � 0P� X.� � < �4 ! d ! d � 8� 0P� �� �0 � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 � p� p� �~ � _ _ _ P P T 9 �` �X � T � ��� � U � ��� ? � � % ��{ � � �I The history and future of News: The rise and fall of mass communications �, J ( � � � ^ T � � Outline � C 6 � �� B a c k t o t h e c o f f e e h o u s e : T h e i n t e r n e t i s t a k i n g t h e n e w s i n d u s t r y b a c k t o t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n a l c u l t u r e o f t h e e r a b e f o r e m a s s m e d i a . 2 . C o m i n g f u l l c i r c l e : N e w s i s b e c o m i n g a s o c i a l m e d i u m a g a i n , a s i t w a s u n t i l t h e e a r l y 1 9 t h c e n t u r y o n l y m o r e s o . �* � � " t � " � � � � � U � � Outline � C 6 � �� 3 . S o c i a l - m e d i a t e c h n o l o g i e s a l l o w a f a r w i d e r r a n g e o f p e o p l e t o t a k e p a r t i n g a t h e r i n g , f i l t e r i n g a n d d i s t r i b u t i n g n e w s . 4 . T h e p e o p l e f o r m e r l y k n o w n a s t h e a u d i e n c e . 5 . T h e r e i s c l e a r l y a r o l e f o r p e o p l e i n c l u d i n g j o u r n a l i s t s , b u t n o t l i m i t e d t o t h e m t o s e l e c t , f i l t e r a n d a n a l y s e t h e t o r r e n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n b e i n g p o s t e d o n t h e i n t e r n e t . �> Y � " � � �$ < � � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � � � � Three hundred years ago � �0 Three hundred years ago news travelled by word of mouth or letter, and circulated in taverns and coffee houses in the form of pamphlets, newsletters and broadsides. The Coffee houses particularly are very commodious for a free Conversation, and for reading at an easie Rate all manner of printed News. � 1 1 �$ ! � � � � traced back to Roman times � �B This phenomenon can be traced back to Roman times, when members of the elite kept each other informed with a torrent of letters, transcriptions of speeches and copies of the acta diurna, the official gazette that was posted in the forum each day. News travelled along social networks because there was no other conduit. � C C �6 � � � � � � invention of the printing press � �� The invention of the printing press meant that many copies of a document could be produced more quickly than before, but distribution still relied on personal connections. � � � � � � � � �! within particular social circles � �� Newspapers at the time had small, local circulations and were a mix of opinionated editorials, contributions from readers and items from other papers; there were no dedicated reporters. All these early media conveyed news, gossip, opinion and ideas within particular social circles or communities, with little distinction between producers and consumers of information. They were social media. � � Z � � � � � � � travelled as people chatted � �� Until the early 19th century there was no technology for disseminating news to large numbers of people in a short space of time. It travelled as people chatted in marketplaces and taverns or exchanged letters with their friends. � � � � � � � � � Everything changed in 1833 � �� E v e r y t h i n g c h a n g e d i n 1 8 3 3 w h e n t h e f i r s t m a s s - a u d i e n c e n e w s p a p e r , t h e N e w Y o r k S u n , p i o n e e r e d t h e u s e o f a d v e r t i s i n g t o r e d u c e t h e c o s t o f n e w s , t h u s g i v i n g a d v e r t i s e r s a c c e s s t o a w i d e r a u d i e n c e . A t t h e t i m e o f t h e l a u n c h A m e r i c a s b e s t s e l l i n g p a p e r s o l d j u s t 4 , 5 0 0 c o p i e s a d a y ; t h e S u n , w i t h i t s s t e a m p r e s s , s o o n r e a c h e d 1 5 , 0 0 0 . � R R � Q � � � �# news reach large numbers of people � $ " $ � �k The invention of the steam press in the early 19th century, and the emergence of mass-market newspapers such as the New York Sun, therefore marked a profound shift. The new technologies of mass dissemination could reach large numbers of people with unprecedented speed and efficiency, but put control of the flow of information into the hands of a select few. � l Z l � k � � � � New businesses grew up � �< For the first time, vertical distribution of news, from a specialist elite to a general audience, had a decisive advantage over horizontal distribution among citizens. This trend accelerated with the advent of radio and television in the 20th century. New businesses grew up around these mass-media technologies. � = = � < � ! � � � news is gathered by specialists � �� In modern media organisations news is gathered by specialists and disseminated to a mass audience along with advertising, which helps to pay for the whole operation. � � � �$ � � " � � � from two-way into one-way � �� The penny press, followed by radio and television, turned news from a two-way conversation into a one-way broadcast, with a relatively small number of firms controlling the media. � � � # � � �! internet has disrupted this model � �� In the past decade the internet has disrupted this model and enabled the social aspect of media to reassert itself. In many ways news is going back to its pre-industrial form, but supercharged by the internet. � � � � � � $ � � � Social media is nothing new � �� C a m e r a - p h o n e s a n d s o c i a l m e d i a s u c h a s b l o g s , F a c e b o o k a n d T w i t t e r m a y s e e m e n t i r e l y n e w , b u t t h e y e c h o t h e w a y s i n w h i c h p e o p l e u s e d t o c o l l e c t , s h a r e a n d e x c h a n g e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e p a s t . S o c i a l m e d i a i s n o t h i n g n e w , i t s j u s t m o r e w i d e s p r e a d n o w . � � � �$ 1 � � % � � �! landscapes will be very different � �� T h e m e d i a a n d p o l i t i c a l l a n d s c a p e s w i l l b e v e r y d i f f e r e n t , b e c a u s e p e o p l e w h o a r e a c c u s t o m e d t o p o w e r w i l l b e c o m p l e m e n t e d b y s o c i a l n e t w o r k s i n d i f f e r e n t f o r m s . W i k i L e a k s o p e r a t e s i n t h e t r a d i t i o n o f t h e r a d i c a l p a m p h l e t e e r s o f t h e E n g l i s h c i v i l w a r w h o t r i e d t o c a s t a l l t h e M y s t e r i e s a n d S e c r e t s o f G o v e r n m e n t b e f o r e t h e p u b l i c . � R R �$ � � � & � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � ' � � � returning to the coffee house � � Now, the news industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house. The internet is making news more participatory, social, diverse and partisan, reviving the discursive ethos of the era before mass media. That will have profound effects on society and politics. � � � ( � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � ) � � � Going West � �* In much of the world, the mass media are flourishing. Newspaper circulation rose globally by 6% between 2005 and 2009, helped by particularly strong demand in places like India, where 110m papers are now sold daily. But those global figures mask a sharp decline in readership in rich countries. � + + � * � * � � �! ordinary people involved in news � �! Over the past decade, throughout the Western world, people have been giving up newspapers and TV news and keeping up with events in profoundly different ways. Most strikingly, ordinary people are increasingly involved in compiling, sharing, filtering, discussing and distributing news. � " " � ! � + � � � documents are published online � �^ Twitter lets people anywhere report what they are seeing. Classified documents are published in their thousands online. Mobile-phone footage of Arab uprisings and American tornadoes is posted on social-networking sites and shown on television newscasts. An amateur video taken during the Japanese earthquake has been watched 15m times on YouTube. � _ _ � ^ � , � � �n C r o w d s o u r c i n g b r i n g r e a d e r s a n d j o u r n a l i s t s t o g e t h e r � * � �z C r o w d s o u r c i n g p r o j e c t s b r i n g r e a d e r s a n d j o u r n a l i s t s t o g e t h e r t o s i f t t h r o u g h t r o v e s o f d o c u m e n t s . S o c i a l - n e t w o r k i n g s i t e s h e l p p e o p l e f i n d , d i s c u s s a n d s h a r e n e w s w i t h t h e i r f r i e n d s . � � � �$ � � - � � �& Technology challenging the media elite � ' ' $ � �� A n d i t i s n o t j u s t r e a d e r s w h o a r e c h a l l e n g i n g t h e m e d i a e l i t e . T e c h n o l o g y f i r m s i n c l u d i n g G o o g l e , F a c e b o o k a n d T w i t t e r h a v e b e c o m e i m p o r t a n t ( s o m e s a y t o o i m p o r t a n t ) c o n d u i t s o f n e w s . C e l e b r i t i e s a n d w o r l d l e a d e r s , i n c l u d i n g B a r a c k O b a m a , p u b l i s h u p d a t e s d i r e c t l y v i a s o c i a l n e t w o r k s ; m a n y c o u n t r i e s n o w m a k e r a w d a t a a v a i l a b l e t h r o u g h o p e n g o v e r n m e n t i n i t i a t i v e s . � t Z t �$ f � . � � � allow new providers of news � �p The web has allowed new providers of news, to rise to prominence in a very short space of time. And it has made possible entirely new approaches to journalism, such as that practised by WikiLeaks, which provides an anonymous way for whistleblowers to publish documents. The news agenda is no longer controlled by a few press barons and state outlets, like the BBC. � q Z q �6 � � � / � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 0 � � �" no longer exclusively by reporters � # # $ � �+ Thanks to the rise of social media, news is no longer gathered exclusively by reporters and turned into a story but emerges from an ecosystem in which journalists, sources, readers and viewers exchange information. The change began around 1999, when blogging tools first became widely available. � , , � + � 1 � � � News is becoming more diverse � $ � �� News is also becoming more diverse as publishing tools become widely available, barriers to entry fall and new models become possible, as demonstrated by the astonishing rise of WikiLeaks and other newcomers in the past few years, not to mention millions of blogs. At the same time news is becoming more opinionated, polarised and partisan, as it used to be in the knockabout days of pamphleteering. � � Z � �6 � � J � 2 � � � We contort, you deride � �Q In principle, every liberal should celebrate this. A more participatory and social news environment, with a remarkable diversity and range of news sources, is a good thing. Authoritarian rulers everywhere have more to fear. So what, many will say, if journalists have less stable careers All the same, two areas of concern stand out. � R R � Q � 3 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 4 � � � The first worry � �� T h e f i r s t w o r r y i s t h e l o s s o f a c c o u n t a b i l i t y j o u r n a l i s m , w h i c h h o l d s t h e p o w e r f u l t o a c c o u n t . S h r i n k i n g r e v e n u e s h a v e r e d u c e d t h e a m o u n t a n d q u a l i t y o f i n v e s t i g a t i v e a n d l o c a l p o l i t i c a l r e p o r t i n g i n t h e p r i n t p r e s s . � � � � � � 5 � � � Not always morally upstanding � $ � �� B u t o l d - s t y l e j o u r n a l i s m w a s n e v e r q u i t e a s m o r a l l y u p s t a n d i n g a s j o u r n a l i s t s l i k e t o t h i n k . I n d e e d , t h e N e w s o f t h e W o r l d , a B r i t i s h n e w s p a p e r w h i c h h a s b e e n c a u g h t h a c k i n g i n t o p e o p l e s m o b i l e p h o n e s , i s a v e r y t r a d i t i o n a l s o r t o f s c a n d a l s h e e t . � � � � � � 6 � � �' the internet is spawning accountability � ( ( $ � �S Meantime, the internet is spawning new forms of accountability. A growing band of non-profit outfits such as ProPublica, the Sunlight Foundation and WikiLeaks are helping to fill the gap left by the decline of watchdog media. This is still a work in progress, but the degree of activity and experimentation provides cause for optimism. � T T �6 p � � 7 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 9 � � � The second worry � �� The second concern has to do with partisanship. In the mass-media era local monopolies often had to be relatively impartial to maximise their appeal to readers and advertisers. � � � �$ � * � : � � � money seems creating sth � $ � � �� I n a m o r e c o m p e t i t i v e w o r l d t h e m o n e y s e e m s t o b e i n c r e a t i n g a n e c h o c h a m b e r f o r p e o p l e s p r e j u d i c e s t h u s F o x N e w s , a c o n s e r v a t i v e A m e r i c a n c a b l e - n e w s c h a n n e l , m a k e s m o r e p r o f i t s t h a n i t s l e s s s t r i d e n t r i v a l s , C N N a n d M S N B C , c o m b i n e d . � � � � � � ; � � � What is to be done � �� What is to be done At a societal level, not much. The transformation of the news business is unstoppable, and attempts to reverse it are doomed to failure. But there are steps individuals can take to mitigate these worries. � � � � � � < � � � be scrupulous � �� As producers of new journalism, they can be scrupulous with facts and transparent with their sources. As consumers, they can be catholic in their tastes and demanding in their standards. � � � � � � = � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � > � � � Enjoy coffee house � �� And although this transformation does raise concerns, there is much to celebrate in the noisy, diverse, vociferous, argumentative and stridently alive environment of the news business in the age of the internet. The coffee house is back. Enjoy it. � � � � � � ? � � � a lot of trouble adjusting � �� Not surprisingly, the conventional news organisations that grew up in the past 170 years are having a lot of trouble adjusting. The mass-media era now looks like a relatively brief and anomalous period that is coming to an end. But it was long enough for several generations of journalists to grow up within it, so the laws of the mass media came to be seen as the laws of media in general. � � Z � �$ + Q � @ � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � A � � � Some survive; many will not � $ � �� A new generation that has grown up with digital tools is already devising extraordinary new things to do with them, rather than simply using them to preserve the old models. Some existing media organisations will survive the transition; many will not. � �$ � - � B � � �" I t s e v e r y w h e r e � � T h e b i g g e s t s h i f t i s t h a t j o u r n a l i s m i s n o l o n g e r t h e e x c l u s i v e p r e s e r v e o f j o u r n a l i s t s . O r d i n a r y p e o p l e a r e p l a y i n g a m o r e a c t i v e r o l e i n t h e n e w s s y s t e m , a l o n g w i t h a h o s t o f t e c h n o l o g y f i r m s , n e w s s t a r t - u p s a n d n o t - f o r - p r o f i t g r o u p s . S o c i a l m e d i a a r e c e r t a i n l y n o t a f a d , a n d t h e i r i m p a c t i s o n l y j u s t b e g i n n i n g t o b e f e l t . I t s e v e r y w h e r e a n d i t s g o i n g t o b e e v e n m o r e e v e r y w h e r e . � � � � � � C � � � accept this new reality � �E Successful media organisations will be the ones that accept this new reality. They need to reorient themselves towards serving readers rather than advertisers, embrace social features and collaboration, get off political and moral high horses and stop trying to erect barriers around journalism to protect their position. � F F �$ $ � D � � � The digital future of news � �U The digital future of news has much in common with its chaotic, ink-stained past. � V V � U � E � � � Checking Twitter is difficult � ( � �� C h e c k i n g s n i p p e t s o f i n f o r m a t i o n p o s t e d o n T w i t t e r i s d i f f i c u l t . T w e e t s c a n b e a u s e f u l w a y t o g a u g e t h e p u b l i c m o o d a b o u t a n i s s u e a n d a r e n o w o f t e n i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o n e w s c o v e r a g e a s d i g i t a l v o x p o p s . � � � F � � �$ duty to provide reliable information � % % $ � �� M a n y j o u r n a l i s t s u s e T w i t t e r t o s o l i c i t l e a d s , f i n d s o u r c e s o r a s k f o r i n f o r m a t i o n . B u t T w i t t e r i s a p u b l i c f o r u m w h e r e a n y o n e c a n s a y a n y t h i n g . i t i s a j o u r n a l i s t s d u t y t o p r o v i d e r e l i a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n , o n T w i t t e r a s e l s e w h e r e . � � � � � � I � � � a role, to select � �R E i t h e r w a y , t h e r e i s c l e a r l y a r o l e f o r p e o p l e i n c l u d i n g j o u r n a l i s t s , b u t n o t l i m i t e d t o t h e m t o s e l e c t , f i l t e r a n d a n a l y s e t h e t o r r e n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n b e i n g p o s t e d o n t h e i n t e r n e t . T h e r e s t i l l i s a n e d i t o r i a l f u n c t i o n t h a t n e e d s t o h a p p e n t h e r e s t i l l n e e d s t o b e s o m e o n e w h o r e a l l y m a k e s s e n s e o f i t a l l 0T h i s p r o c e s s i s k n o w n i n s o c i a l - m e d i a j a r g o n a s c u r a t i o n , a n d a g r o w i n g n u m b e r o f t o o l s i s a v a i l a b l e t o d o t h e j o b . � � � �H w � 1 = � K � � �7 examples that lets users arrange items of social media � 8 6 $ � �9 Storify, for example, is a website that lets users arrange items of social media (including tweets, Facebook posts, videos from YouTube and photos from Flickr) into chronological narratives. The resulting narrative can then be embedded into pages on other sites. Keepstream and Storyful work in a similar way. � : : �l ] , i � L � � �! better than traditional articles? � " " $ � �� All this raises the question whether some stories may be better covered by constantly updated streams of tweets than by traditional articles. � � � � � � M � � � done away with editors � �� By providing more raw material than ever from which to distil the news, in short, social media have both done away with editors and shown up the need for them. News organisations are already abandoning attempts to be first to break news, focusing instead on being the best at verifying and curating it, says Mr Newman. But like other aspects of journalism, this role is now open to anyone. � � Z � �> � p P � N � � � sharing news may be the next � �� As well as getting involved (if they choose) in newsgathering, verification and curation of news, readers and viewers have also become part of the news-distribution system as they share and recommend items of interest via e-mail and social networks. If searching for news was the most important development of the past decade, sharing news may be among the most important of the next. � � Z � �$ S ) � O � � � The feeling is mutual � � � �y � T � 0 � � � � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � ,�� � � � � � �� � � � � �x � � c �$ � ��� � � � � ` � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � @ � � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � ���� � � � � � �� � � � � � �x � � c �$ � ��J� � � � � ` � � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � P � � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � �uJ� � � � � � �� � � J � � �x � � c �$ � ��J� � � � � ` � � J � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � ` � � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � =J� � � � � � �� � � J � � �x � � c �$ � �?J� � � � � ` � � J � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �y � T � 0 � � p � � �0 �( � � � �x � � c �$ � �� � � � � � �� � � � � �x � � c �$ � @�J� � � � � ` � � � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + �� � T � 0 � � � � � �( � � � �x � � c �$ � �J� � � � z� Y � � J � � �H � � � �0 � � ���� �h � � ? � f � ��� [ ��f � f � �3� ̙� �� �y � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 �Y + D�= '� ����� =� @B� + r( �� I W KP �Y \ �^ a �c � � � �� �e O �1 �� �( � � � � �� / � 0 � �� �D A r i a l a �� 0�� 0 �P� P� |.� ؖ 2� 0ؖ � " �D �[SO a l a �� 0�� 0 �P� P� |.� ؖ 2� 0ؖ �� �D V e r d a n a �� 0�� 0 �P� P� |.� ؖ 2� 0ؖ � " � � @ � . � @ �n ��? " d � d @ ��� �� @@ `` �� X �P � � � � 8 , , H H � � > > � � � � 5 � � * * � � � � H H H H > > � � / 1 ` b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �A � � � �A ��1 � � � � � � � � � � ? � @ � � � � � T � �� �E� ʚ;ZS7 ʚ; �g � �4 P d P d �_� � 2� 0 N������� p � p p � @ < �4 d d d d � � 0P� X.� � < �4 ! d ! d � 8� 0P� �� �0 � _ _ _ P P T 1 0 � p� p� �~ � _ _ _ P P T 9 �` �X � T � ��� � U � ��� ? � � % ��{ � � �I The history and future of News: The rise and fall of mass communications �, J ( � � � ^ T � � Outline � C 6 � �� B a c k t o t h e c o f f e e h o u s e : T h e i n t e r n e t i s t a k i n g t h e n e w s i n d u s t r y b a c k t o t h e c o n v e r s a t i o n a l c u l t u r e o f t h e e r a b e f o r e m a s s m e d i a . 2 . C o m i n g f u l l c i r c l e : N e w s i s b e c o m i n g a s o c i a l m e d i u m a g a i n , a s i t w a s u n t i l t h e e a r l y 1 9 t h c e n t u r y o n l y m o r e s o . �* � � " t � " � � � � � U � � Outline � C 6 � �� 3 . S o c i a l - m e d i a t e c h n o l o g i e s a l l o w a f a r w i d e r r a n g e o f p e o p l e t o t a k e p a r t i n g a t h e r i n g , f i l t e r i n g a n d d i s t r i b u t i n g n e w s . 4 . T h e p e o p l e f o r m e r l y k n o w n a s t h e a u d i e n c e . 5 . T h e r e i s c l e a r l y a r o l e f o r p e o p l e i n c l u d i n g j o u r n a l i s t s , b u t n o t l i m i t e d t o t h e m t o s e l e c t , f i l t e r a n d a n a l y s e t h e t o r r e n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n b e i n g p o s t e d o n t h e i n t e r n e t . �> Y � " � � �$ < � � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � � � � Three hundred years ago � �0 Three hundred years ago news travelled by word of mouth or letter, and circulated in taverns and coffee houses in the form of pamphlets, newsletters and broadsides. The Coffee houses particularly are very commodious for a free Conversation, and for reading at an easie Rate all manner of printed News. � 1 1 �$ ! � � � � traced back to Roman times � �B This phenomenon can be traced back to Roman times, when members of the elite kept each other informed with a torrent of letters, transcriptions of speeches and copies of the acta diurna, the official gazette that was posted in the forum each day. News travelled along social networks because there was no other conduit. � C C �6 � � � � � � invention of the printing press � �� The invention of the printing press meant that many copies of a document could be produced more quickly than before, but distribution still relied on personal connections. � � � � � � � � �! within particular social circles � �� Newspapers at the time had small, local circulations and were a mix of opinionated editorials, contributions from readers and items from other papers; there were no dedicated reporters. All these early media conveyed news, gossip, opinion and ideas within particular social circles or communities, with little distinction between producers and consumers of information. They were social media. � � Z � � � � � � � travelled as people chatted � �� Until the early 19th century there was no technology for disseminating news to large numbers of people in a short space of time. It travelled as people chatted in marketplaces and taverns or exchanged letters with their friends. � � � � � � � � � Everything changed in 1833 � �� E v e r y t h i n g c h a n g e d i n 1 8 3 3 w h e n t h e f i r s t m a s s - a u d i e n c e n e w s p a p e r , t h e N e w Y o r k S u n , p i o n e e r e d t h e u s e o f a d v e r t i s i n g t o r e d u c e t h e c o s t o f n e w s , t h u s g i v i n g a d v e r t i s e r s a c c e s s t o a w i d e r a u d i e n c e . A t t h e t i m e o f t h e l a u n c h A m e r i c a s b e s t s e l l i n g p a p e r s o l d j u s t 4 , 5 0 0 c o p i e s a d a y ; t h e S u n , w i t h i t s s t e a m p r e s s , s o o n r e a c h e d 1 5 , 0 0 0 . � R R � Q � � � �# news reach large numbers of people � $ " $ � �k The invention of the steam press in the early 19th century, and the emergence of mass-market newspapers such as the New York Sun, therefore marked a profound shift. The new technologies of mass dissemination could reach large numbers of people with unprecedented speed and efficiency, but put control of the flow of information into the hands of a select few. � l Z l � k � � � � New businesses grew up � �< For the first time, vertical distribution of news, from a specialist elite to a general audience, had a decisive advantage over horizontal distribution among citizens. This trend accelerated with the advent of radio and television in the 20th century. New businesses grew up around these mass-media technologies. � = = � < � ! � � � news is gathered by specialists � �� In modern media organisations news is gathered by specialists and disseminated to a mass audience along with advertising, which helps to pay for the whole operation. � � � �$ � � " � � � from two-way into one-way � �� The penny press, followed by radio and television, turned news from a two-way conversation into a one-way broadcast, with a relatively small number of firms controlling the media. � � � # � � �! internet has disrupted this model � �� In the past decade the internet has disrupted this model and enabled the social aspect of media to reassert itself. In many ways news is going back to its pre-industrial form, but supercharged by the internet. � � � � � � $ � � � Social media is nothing new � �� C a m e r a - p h o n e s a n d s o c i a l m e d i a s u c h a s b l o g s , F a c e b o o k a n d T w i t t e r m a y s e e m e n t i r e l y n e w , b u t t h e y e c h o t h e w a y s i n w h i c h p e o p l e u s e d t o c o l l e c t , s h a r e a n d e x c h a n g e i n f o r m a t i o n i n t h e p a s t . S o c i a l m e d i a i s n o t h i n g n e w , i t s j u s t m o r e w i d e s p r e a d n o w . � � � �$ 1 � � % � � �! landscapes will be very different � �� T h e m e d i a a n d p o l i t i c a l l a n d s c a p e s w i l l b e v e r y d i f f e r e n t , b e c a u s e p e o p l e w h o a r e a c c u s t o m e d t o p o w e r w i l l b e c o m p l e m e n t e d b y s o c i a l n e t w o r k s i n d i f f e r e n t f o r m s . W i k i L e a k s o p e r a t e s i n t h e t r a d i t i o n o f t h e r a d i c a l p a m p h l e t e e r s o f t h e E n g l i s h c i v i l w a r w h o t r i e d t o c a s t a l l t h e M y s t e r i e s a n d S e c r e t s o f G o v e r n m e n t b e f o r e t h e p u b l i c . � R R �$ � � � & � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � ' � � � returning to the coffee house � � Now, the news industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house. The internet is making news more participatory, social, diverse and partisan, reviving the discursive ethos of the era before mass media. That will have profound effects on society and politics. � � � ( � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � ) � � � Going West � �* In much of the world, the mass media are flourishing. Newspaper circulation rose globally by 6% between 2005 and 2009, helped by particularly strong demand in places like India, where 110m papers are now sold daily. But those global figures mask a sharp decline in readership in rich countries. � + + � * � * � � �! ordinary people involved in news � �! Over the past decade, throughout the Western world, people have been giving up newspapers and TV news and keeping up with events in profoundly different ways. Most strikingly, ordinary people are increasingly involved in compiling, sharing, filtering, discussing and distributing news. � " " � ! � + � � � documents are published online � �^ Twitter lets people anywhere report what they are seeing. Classified documents are published in their thousands online. Mobile-phone footage of Arab uprisings and American tornadoes is posted on social-networking sites and shown on television newscasts. An amateur video taken during the Japanese earthquake has been watched 15m times on YouTube. � _ _ � ^ � , � � �n C r o w d s o u r c i n g b r i n g r e a d e r s a n d j o u r n a l i s t s t o g e t h e r � * � �z C r o w d s o u r c i n g p r o j e c t s b r i n g r e a d e r s a n d j o u r n a l i s t s t o g e t h e r t o s i f t t h r o u g h t r o v e s o f d o c u m e n t s . S o c i a l - n e t w o r k i n g s i t e s h e l p p e o p l e f i n d , d i s c u s s a n d s h a r e n e w s w i t h t h e i r f r i e n d s . � � � �$ � � - � � �& Technology challenging the media elite � ' ' $ � �� A n d i t i s n o t j u s t r e a d e r s w h o a r e c h a l l e n g i n g t h e m e d i a e l i t e . T e c h n o l o g y f i r m s i n c l u d i n g G o o g l e , F a c e b o o k a n d T w i t t e r h a v e b e c o m e i m p o r t a n t ( s o m e s a y t o o i m p o r t a n t ) c o n d u i t s o f n e w s . C e l e b r i t i e s a n d w o r l d l e a d e r s , i n c l u d i n g B a r a c k O b a m a , p u b l i s h u p d a t e s d i r e c t l y v i a s o c i a l n e t w o r k s ; m a n y c o u n t r i e s n o w m a k e r a w d a t a a v a i l a b l e t h r o u g h o p e n g o v e r n m e n t i n i t i a t i v e s . � t Z t �$ f � . � � � allow new providers of news � �p The web has allowed new providers of news, to rise to prominence in a very short space of time. And it has made possible entirely new approaches to journalism, such as that practised by WikiLeaks, which provides an anonymous way for whistleblowers to publish documents. The news agenda is no longer controlled by a few press barons and state outlets, like the BBC. � q Z q �6 � � � / � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 0 � � �" no longer exclusively by reporters � # # $ � �+ Thanks to the rise of social media, news is no longer gathered exclusively by reporters and turned into a story but emerges from an ecosystem in which journalists, sources, readers and viewers exchange information. The change began around 1999, when blogging tools first became widely available. � , , � + � 1 � � � News is becoming more diverse � $ � �� News is also becoming more diverse as publishing tools become widely available, barriers to entry fall and new models become possible, as demonstrated by the astonishing rise of WikiLeaks and other newcomers in the past few years, not to mention millions of blogs. At the same time news is becoming more opinionated, polarised and partisan, as it used to be in the knockabout days of pamphleteering. � � Z � �6 � � J � 2 � � � We contort, you deride � �Q In principle, every liberal should celebrate this. A more participatory and social news environment, with a remarkable diversity and range of news sources, is a good thing. Authoritarian rulers everywhere have more to fear. So what, many will say, if journalists have less stable careers All the same, two areas of concern stand out. � R R � Q � 3 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 4 � � � The first worry � �� T h e f i r s t w o r r y i s t h e l o s s o f a c c o u n t a b i l i t y j o u r n a l i s m , w h i c h h o l d s t h e p o w e r f u l t o a c c o u n t . S h r i n k i n g r e v e n u e s h a v e r e d u c e d t h e a m o u n t a n d q u a l i t y o f i n v e s t i g a t i v e a n d l o c a l p o l i t i c a l r e p o r t i n g i n t h e p r i n t p r e s s . � � � � � � 5 � � � Not always morally upstanding � $ � �� B u t o l d - s t y l e j o u r n a l i s m w a s n e v e r q u i t e a s m o r a l l y u p s t a n d i n g a s j o u r n a l i s t s l i k e t o t h i n k . I n d e e d , t h e N e w s o f t h e W o r l d , a B r i t i s h n e w s p a p e r w h i c h h a s b e e n c a u g h t h a c k i n g i n t o p e o p l e s m o b i l e p h o n e s , i s a v e r y t r a d i t i o n a l s o r t o f s c a n d a l s h e e t . � � � � � � 6 � � �' the internet is spawning accountability � ( ( $ � �S Meantime, the internet is spawning new forms of accountability. A growing band of non-profit outfits such as ProPublica, the Sunlight Foundation and WikiLeaks are helping to fill the gap left by the decline of watchdog media. This is still a work in progress, but the degree of activity and experimentation provides cause for optimism. � T T �6 p � � 7 � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � 9 � � � The second worry � �� The second concern has to do with partisanship. In the mass-media era local monopolies often had to be relatively impartial to maximise their appeal to readers and advertisers. � � � �$ � * � : � � � money seems creating sth � $ � � �� I n a m o r e c o m p e t i t i v e w o r l d t h e m o n e y s e e m s t o b e i n c r e a t i n g a n e c h o c h a m b e r f o r p e o p l e s p r e j u d i c e s t h u s F o x N e w s , a c o n s e r v a t i v e A m e r i c a n c a b l e - n e w s c h a n n e l , m a k e s m o r e p r o f i t s t h a n i t s l e s s s t r i d e n t r i v a l s , C N N a n d M S N B C , c o m b i n e d . � � � � � � ; � � � What is to be done � �� What is to be done At a societal level, not much. The transformation of the news business is unstoppable, and attempts to reverse it are doomed to failure. But there are steps individuals can take to mitigate these worries. � � � � � � < � � � be scrupulous � �� As producers of new journalism, they can be scrupulous with facts and transparent with their sources. As consumers, they can be catholic in their tastes and demanding in their standards. � � � � � � = � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � > � � � Enjoy coffee house � �� And although this transformation does raise concerns, there is much to celebrate in the noisy, diverse, vociferous, argumentative and stridently alive environment of the news business in the age of the internet. The coffee house is back. Enjoy it. � � � � � � ? � � � a lot of trouble adjusting � �� Not surprisingly, the conventional news organisations that grew up in the past 170 years are having a lot of trouble adjusting. The mass-media era now looks like a relatively brief and anomalous period that is coming to an end. But it was long enough for several generations of journalists to grow up within it, so the laws of the mass media came to be seen as the laws of media in general. � � Z � �$ + Q � @ � � �! news being reshaped by technology � " " $ � �� T h e r e i s a g r e a t h i s t o r i c a l i r o n y a t t h e h e a r t o f t h e c u r r e n t t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o f n e w s . T h e i n d u s t r y i s b e i n g r e s h a p e d b y t e c h n o l o g y b u t b y u n d e r m i n i n g t h e m a s s m e d i a s b u s i n e s s m o d e l s , t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s i n m a n y w a y s r e t u r n i n g t h e i n d u s t r y t o t h e m o r e v i b r a n t , f r e e w h e e l i n g a n d d i s c u r s i v e w a y s o f t h e p r e - i n d u s t r i a l e r a . � C C � B � A � � � Some survive; many will not � $ � �� A new generation that has grown up with digital tools is already devising extraordinary new things to do with them, rather than simply using them to preserve the old models. Some existing media organisations will survive the transition; many will not. � �$ � - � B � � �" I t s e v e r y w h e r e � � T h e b i g g e s t s h i f t i s t h a t j o u r n a l i s m i s n o l o n g e r t h e e x c l u s i v e p r e s e r v e o f j o u r n a l i s t s . O r d i n a r y p e o p l e a r e p l a y i n g a m o r e a c t i v e r o l e i n t h e n e w s s y s t e m , a l o n g w i t h a h o s t o f t e c h n o l o g y f i r m s , n e w s s t a r t - u p s a n d n o t - f o r - p r o f i t g r o u p s . S o c i a l m e d i a a r e c e r t a i n l y n o t a f a d , a n d t h e i r i m p a c t i s o n l y j u s t b e g i n n i n g t o b e f e l t . I t s e v e r y w h e r e a n d i t s g o i n g t o b e e v e n m o r e e v e r y w h e r e . � � � � � � C � � � accept this new reality � �E Successful media organisations will be the ones that accept this new reality. They need to reorient themselves towards serving readers rather than advertisers, embrace social features and collaboration, get off political and moral high horses and stop trying to erect barriers around journalism to protect their position. � F F �$ $ � D � � � The digital future of news � �U The digital future of news has much in common with its chaotic, ink-stained past. � V V � U � E � � � Checking Twitter is difficult � ( � �� C h e c k i n g s n i p p e t s o f i n f o r m a t i o n p o s t e d o n T w i t t e r i s d i f f i c u l t . T w e e t s c a n b e a u s e f u l w a y t o g a u g e t h e p u b l i c m o o d a b o u t a n i s s u e a n d a r e n o w o f t e n i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o n e w s c o v e r a g e a s d i g i t a l v o x p o p s . � � � F � � �$ duty to provide reliable information � % % $ � �� M a n y j o u r n a l i s t s u s e T w i t t e r t o s o l i c i t l e a d s , f i n d s o u r c e s o r a s k f o r i n f o r m a t i o n . B u t T w i t t e r i s a p u b l i c f o r u m w h e r e a n y o n e c a n s a y a n y t h i n g . i t i s a j o u r n a l i s t s d u t y t o p r o v i d e r e l i a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n , o n T w i t t e r a s e l s e w h e r e . � � � � � � I � � � a role, to select � �R E i t h e r w a y , t h e r e i s c l e a r l y a r o l e f o r p e o p l e i n c l u d i n g j o u r n a l i s t s , b u t n o t l i m i t e d t o t h e m t o s e l e c t , f i l t e r a n d a n a l y s e t h e t o r r e n t o f i n f o r m a t i o n b e i n g p o s t e d o n t h e i n t e r n e t . T h e r e s t i l l i s a n e d i t o r i a l f u n c t i o n t h a t n e e d s t o h a p p e n t h e r e s t i l l n e e d s t o b e s o m e o n e w h o r e a l l y m a k e s s e n s e o f i t a l l 0T h i s p r o c e s s i s k n o w n i n s o c i a l - m e d i a j a r g o n a s c u r a t i o n , a n d a g r o w i n g n u m b e r o f t o o l s i s a v a i l a b l e t o d o t h e j o b . � � � �H w � 1 = � K � � �7 examples that lets users arrange items of social media � 8 6 $ � �9 Storify, for example, is a website that lets users arrange items of social media (including tweets, Facebook posts, videos from YouTube and photos from Flickr) into chronological narratives. The resulting narrative can then be embedded into pages on other sites. Keepstream and Storyful work in a similar way. � : : �l ] , i � L � � �! better than traditional articles? � " " $ � �� All this raises the question whether some stories may be better covered by constantly updated streams of tweets than by traditional articles. � � � � � � M � � � done away with editors � �� By providing more raw material than ever from which to distil the news, in short, social media have both done away with editors and shown up the need for them. News organisations are already abandoning attempts to be first to break news, focusing instead on being the best at verifying and curating it, says Mr Newman. But like other aspects of journalism, this role is now open to anyone. � � Z � �> � p P � N � � � sharing news may be the next � �� As well as getting involved (if they choose) in newsgathering, verification and curation of news, readers and viewers have also become part of the news-distribution system as they share and recommend items of interest via e-mail and social networks. If searching for news was the most important development of the past decade, sharing news may be among the most important of the next. � � Z � �$ S ) � O � � � The feeling is mutual � � � r �e � � � �e � O �1