��ࡱ� > �� H J ���� G �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� '` �R� :; bjbj"9"9 IF @S @S 3 �� �� �� � � � � � � � � � � 8 X d � B � � � � � � � � > @ @ @ d � l l | $ =" h �$ � � � ( � � ( ( � X \ � � 4 � � � � ( ( � � � � > � ( > � � � � � � � @��CtF� P X � " � 0 � � g% � : g% � g% � � $ � � | � � j � � 2 � � � � � � � � � � ( ( ( ( � � $ � T Z 6 � � T 6 T d T � 6 � ���� Unit 6 Is newspaper important? The History of News Process in the United States The United States mass communication system has changed over a small period of time. In the beginning, town newspapers delivered the news to families. Then they progressed to news stations on the television. Now the new way of obtaining information comes from the Internet. In this paper I will discuss the many resources available to people in the United States that include the evolution of the news forms. A Brief History of American Newspapers The News Press in the United States dates back to 1704 in the first American newspaper the Boston Newsletter. The United States used this paper to inform most Americans about British news. Since the printing press was developed in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg mass production of daily, weekly, and annual newspapers became a success. Newspapers became more important throughout the United States history during World War I. The American people were now so immersed in what was happening across seas due to the immense danger their loved ones were in. Politics in newspapers have always been an interesting feature for readers. They used advertising to promote their elections or inform citizen of their position. Advertising is a very important part of American newspapers. People rely on want advertisements to find jobs and also to be informed of loss of life or even when looking for a house. Also the United States is known for their Independence or Freedom of the Press. This allows for all views to be placed in the paper without the need of government approval. (Stephens 1). There have been many popular and famous newspapers in the United States, which includes the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal owned by Dow Jones Company. There is also the Chicago Tribune that went out of business, it was once a very informative newspaper but since Internet has provided free news the Chicago Tribune has lost many customers. The newspaper is a form of active media because a person must seek out the paper and become actively involved in acquiring information. The person does not have to become immersed in every article in the paper but merely chooses which one that attracts his or her attention. This is a good example of active media. A disadvantage of the newspaper is that a person must be able to read and have a previous knowledge of the subject in question. Also newspapers are not always up to date and the news may be old and out dated. (McLuhan). With newspapers also come magazines. Magazines in the US are very popular because of their contents. Since magazines focus on certain categories or items one can buy them without worry of looking at or reading information that they would not care for. For example Sports Illustrated is focused on sports and the sport stars. Also there are National Inquirer, which displays information that is stretched and is formed around conspiracies and gossip. Television has been used as a mean of obtain information as well. Now journalists are no longer required only to be apart of the newspaper or journal. They have become entertainers on the television as well. Now journalists have certain duties to give information to listeners at a set time during the day. This form of passive media requires no personal attentiveness and the reporters need to grab their attention to keep them following the story. A problem that may occur during news reports is commercials and also information that is irrelevant and the listener doesn't care to receive and thus they loose interest in the media. There are many news stations that are famous in the United States; they include: CNN, FOX, and ESPN these stations inform the United States people a myriad of information that they use in their daily lives. In the United States there is a trend that involves the entertainment news programs that are comical. These programs normally inform a viewer on certain politically incorrect situations as well as daily news blunders. Some trendy shows that demonstrate this are Saturday Night Live, The Daily Show and the Colbert Report. These three shows were extremely popular during the 2008 Presidential Elections. Television is a very important part of the United States culture. It provides us with fast information and also explains situations in many details. The process to become a TV reporter is becoming more and more difficult in the United States today. Reporters, columnist, bloggers and journalist have to become more and more educated in there field to be accepted in most reporting jobs excluding bloggers because anyone can start a blog. But all these include ways of receiving information and it�s apart of the American culture. Today�s information age has been using the Internet as a fast and easy mean of passive media. Internet is becoming more popular and the use is becoming used more often than newspapers and television for the news. The Internet provides many resources and fast up to date news information. The Internet also gives the option of going green by not using more paper and saving trees. To concluded this paper, the US using different forms of active and passive media. The US does have free press and the government does not get involved with our press. For this reason the US stands apart from other media due to their freedom of speech. Although not all the information the United States comes across is true it still provides many other options in which to get information from. The most useful bit of the media is disappearing. A cause for concern, but not for panic �A GOOD newspaper, I suppose, is a nation talking to itself,� mused Arthur Miller in 1961. A decade later, two reporters from the Washington Post wrote a series of articles that brought down President Nixon and the status of print journalism soared. At their best, newspapers hold governments and companies to account. They usually set the news agenda for the rest of the media. But in the rich world newspapers are now an endangered species. The business of selling words to readers and selling readers to advertisers, which has sustained their role in society, is falling apart (see article). Of all the �old� media, newspapers have the most to lose from the internet. Circulation has been falling in America, western Europe, Latin America, Australia and New Zealand for decades (elsewhere, sales are rising). But in the past few years the web has hastened the decline. In his book �The Vanishing Newspaper�, Philip Meyer calculates that the first quarter of 2043 will be the moment when newsprint dies in America as the last exhausted reader tosses aside the last crumpled edition. That sort of extrapolation would have produced a harrumph from a Beaverbrook or a Hearst, but even the most cynical news baron could not dismiss the way that ever more young people are getting their news online. Britons aged between 15 and 24 say they spend almost 30% less time reading national newspapers once they start using the web. Up to a podcast, Lord Copper? Advertising is following readers out of the door. The rush is almost unseemly, largely because the internet is a seductive medium that supposedly matches buyers with sellers and proves to advertisers that their money is well spent. Classified ads, in particular, are quickly shifting online. Rupert Murdoch, the Beaverbrook of our age, once described them as the industry's rivers of gold�but, as he said last year, �Sometimes rivers dry up.� In Switzerland and the Netherlands newspapers have lost half their classified advertising to the internet. Newspapers have not yet started to shut down in large numbers, but it is only a matter of time. Over the next few decades half the rich world's general papers may fold. Jobs are already disappearing. According to the Newspaper Association of America, the number of people employed in the industry fell by 18% between 1990 and 2004. Tumbling shares of listed newspaper firms have prompted fury from investors. In 2005 a group of shareholders in Knight Ridder, the owner of several big American dailies, got the firm to sell its papers and thus end a 114-year history. This year Morgan Stanley, an investment bank, attacked the New York Times Company, the most august journalistic institution of all, because its share price had fallen by nearly half in four years. Having ignored reality for years, newspapers are at last doing something. In order to cut costs, they are already spending less on journalism. Many are also trying to attract younger readers by shifting the mix of their stories towards entertainment, lifestyle and subjects that may seem more relevant to people's daily lives than international affairs and politics are. They are trying to create new businesses on- and offline. And they are investing in free daily papers, which do not use up any of their meagre editorial resources on uncovering political corruption or corporate fraud. So far, this fit of activity looks unlikely to save many of them. Even if it does, it bodes ill for the public role of the Fourth Estate. Getting away with murder In future, as newspapers fade and change, will politicians therefore burgle their opponents' offices with impunity, and corporate villains whoop as they trample over their victims? Journalism schools and think-tanks, especially in America, are worried about the effect of a crumbling Fourth Estate. Are today's news organisations �up to the task of sustaining the informed citizenry on which democracy depends?� asked a recent report about newspapers from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, a charitable research foundation. Nobody should relish the demise of once-great titles. But the decline of newspapers will not be as harmful to society as some fear. Democracy, remember, has already survived the huge television-led decline in circulation since the 1950s. It has survived as readers have shunned papers and papers have shunned what was in stuffier times thought of as serious news. And it will surely survive the decline to come. That is partly because a few titles that invest in the kind of investigative stories which often benefit society the most are in a good position to survive, as long as their owners do a competent job of adjusting to changing circumstances. Publications like the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal should be able to put up the price of their journalism to compensate for advertising revenues lost to the internet�especially as they cater to a more global readership. As with many industries, it is those in the middle�neither highbrow, nor entertainingly populist�that are likeliest to fall by the wayside. The usefulness of the press goes much wider than investigating abuses or even spreading general news; it lies in holding governments to account�trying them in the court of public opinion. The internet has expanded this court. Anyone looking for information has never been better equipped. People no longer have to trust a handful of national papers or, worse, their local city paper. News-aggregation sites such as Google News draw together sources from around the world. The website of Britain's Guardian now has nearly half as many readers in America as it does at home. In addition, a new force of �citizen� journalists and bloggers is itching to hold politicians to account. The web has opened the closed world of professional editors and reporters to anyone with a keyboard and an internet connection. Several companies have been chastened by amateur postings�of flames erupting from Dell's laptops or of cable-TV repairmen asleep on the sofa. Each blogger is capable of bias and slander, but, taken as a group, bloggers offer the searcher after truth boundless material to chew over. Of course, the internet panders to closed minds; but so has much of the press. For hard-news reporting�as opposed to comment�the results of net journalism have admittedly been limited. Most bloggers operate from their armchairs, not the frontline, and citizen journalists tend to stick to local matters. But it is still early days. New online models will spring up as papers retreat. One non-profit group, NewAssignment.Net, plans to combine the work of amateurs and professionals to produce investigative stories on the internet. Aptly, $10,000 of cash for the project has come from Craig Newmark, of Craigslist, a group of free classified-advertisement websites that has probably done more than anything to destroy newspapers' income. In future, argues Carnegie, some high-quality journalism will also be backed by non-profit organisations. Already, a few respected news organisations sustain themselves that way�including the Guardian, the Christian Science Monitor and National Public Radio. An elite group of serious newspapers available everywhere online, independent journalism backed by charities, thousands of fired-up bloggers and well-informed citizen journalists: there is every sign that Arthur Miller's national conversation will be louder than ever. 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